Introduction
Advances in additive manufacturing technology have opened the door to innovative manufacturing processes, including continuous fibre 3D printing. This method combines the versatility of 3D printing with the strength of fibre composites. Continuous fibres such as carbon or glass are integrated into the printing process and significantly strengthen the printed component.
Unlike traditional fibre composite manufacturing, 3D printing with continuous fibres enables precise alignment of the fibres in complex geometries. This significantly increases the strength and stiffness of the final product. Applications can be found in aerospace, automotive, medical technology and many other areas where lightweight but robust components are required.
Despite the promising benefits, there are also challenges, such as optimising fibre-pressure coupling and avoiding imperfections. Researchers are working to improve materials, printing parameters and design guidelines. In the future, we could see a wider integration of this technology into industrial manufacturing as it has the potential to fundamentally change the way we make complex parts.
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A CSS pseudo-class is a keyword added to a selector that specifies a special state of the selected element(s). For example, :hover can be used to change a button’s color when the user’s pointer hovers over it.
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Other pseudo-elements and pseudo-class selectors, :not() can be chained with other pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. For example, the following will add a “New!” word to list items that do not have a .old class name, using the ::after
Trivia & Notes
The :not() selector is chainable with more :not() selectors. For example, the following will match all articles except the one with an ID #featured, and then will filter out the articles with a class name .tutorial:
article:not(#featured):not(.tutorial) {
/* style the articles that match */
}
Just like other pseudo-elements and pseudo-class selectors, :not() can be chained with other pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. For example, the following will add a “New!” word to list items that do not have a .old class name, using the ::after pseudo-element:
li:not(.old)::after {
content: "New!";
color: deepPink;
}
You can see a live demo in the Live Demo section below.
On the Specificity of Selectors
The specificity of the :not() pseudo-class is the specificity of its argument. The :not() pseudo-class does not add to the selector specificity, unlike other pseudo-classes.
The simple selector that :not() takes as an argument can be any of the following:
- Type selector (e.g
p,span, etc.) - Class selector (e.g
.element,.sidebar, etc.) - ID selector (e.g
#header) - Pseudo-class selector (e.g
:first-child,:last-of-type)
Reference
The argument passed to :not() can not, however, be a pseudo-element selector (such as ::before and ::after, among others) or another negation pseudo-class selector.
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| Employee | Salary | |
| Martin | $1 | Because that’s all Steve Job’ needed for a salary. |
| John | $100K | For all the blogging he does. |
| Robert | $100M | Pictures are worth a thousand words, right? So Tom x 1,000. |
| Jane | $100B | With hair like that?! Enough said… |
Useful Fallbacks
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Just like other pseudo-elements and pseudo-class selectors, :not() can be chained with other pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. For example, the following will add a “New!” word to list items that do not have a .old class name, using the ::after pseudo-element:
element:not(.old)::after {
content: "New!";
color: deepPink;
}
You can see a live demo in the Live Demo section below.
